Understanding the differences between an orthopedic surgeon and a neurosurgeon can be important when making a decision about healthcare for your spine. Orthopedic surgeons specialize in the musculoskeletal system which includes bones, joints, and ligaments. Neurosurgeons specialize in conditions affecting the nervous system which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Orthopedic surgeons and neurosurgeons both play an important role in the spinal field. Determining which one to go to will depend on what the condition is and the needs of the patient.